相信很多備考托福的同學(xué)們對(duì)于小作文的基本答題要求和規(guī)范都已經(jīng)了解了，那么今天我們抓取一個(gè)小作文的重要環(huán)節(jié)提升大家的綜合能力——摘要寫(xiě)作。這個(gè)能力之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)在托福中考察，乃至與留學(xué)生未來(lái)的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)有密切聯(lián)系：大學(xué)課堂是否能聽(tīng)懂并自己總結(jié)歸納;讀完教授布置的閱讀材料后能夠在課堂上說(shuō)出大意;乃至最后的學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作，這一切都會(huì)用到這個(gè)基本能力。

　　托福綜合寫(xiě)作中對(duì)于閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料的歸納匯總，包含幾個(gè)基本要素：

　　1)內(nèi)容出處：Listening還是Reading (聽(tīng)力中的教授the professor還是閱讀的寫(xiě)作者the author)

　　2)動(dòng)詞：argue, suggest, point out, indicate, etc. (若內(nèi)容出處中使用了according to等結(jié)構(gòu)，那么轉(zhuǎn)述動(dòng)詞就不必出現(xiàn)了)

　　3)具體內(nèi)容：聽(tīng)力/閱讀中的具體觀點(diǎn)的paraphrase/ summary.

　　4) 我們會(huì)在縮寫(xiě)過(guò)程中中使用到一些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：如名詞性從句賓語(yǔ)從句：The lecturer claims that it is possible to maintain human survival on Venus.主語(yǔ)從句：What the professor challenges is the authenticity of the painting.表語(yǔ)從句：The main argument provided by the lecturer is that this solution is practical.

　　接下來(lái)我們以TPO42的閱讀為例，進(jìn)行練習(xí)原文：

　　Glass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds.

　　歸納匯總：The reading provides several solutions to help wild birds identify glass from the open air.

　　原文：One-Way Glass One solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, they will understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to fly through it.

　　歸納匯總：According to the reading, one-way glass, which is only transparent from the inside, can make birds interpret the building as a concrete barrier.

　　原文：Colorful DesignsA second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in the design where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoid trying to fly through the glass Architects can be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design of buildings.

　　歸納匯總：It is suggested in the reading that people could add colorful patterns such as stripes over the regular glass to signify warnings.

　　原文：Magnetic FieldThe third solution is to create an artificial magnetic held to guide birds away from buildings. Humans use an instrument called a magnetic compass to determine directions-either north, south, east, or west. Bird research has shown that birds have a natural ability to sense Earth’s magnetic fields; this ability works just like a compass, and it helps birds navigate in the right direction when they fly. A building in a bird flight path can be equipped with powerful electromagnets that emit magnetic signals that steer birds in a direction away from the building.

　　歸納匯總：Another solution mentioned in the reading is to form an artificial magnetic field, which can navigate birds in the correct direction away from the building.

文章標(biāo)簽：托福考試